Scientists at work: Forecasting the Atlantic hurricane season

Phil Klotzbach, Colorado State University and Michael M. Bell, Colorado State University

The first day in June marks the official start of the Atlantic hurricane season, which runs through the end of November.

It’s a busy time for us at the Tropical Meteorology Project in Colorado State University’s Department of Atmospheric Science, where we are issuing our 34th annual Atlantic basin seasonal hurricane forecast.In early April we predicted a slightly below-normal hurricane season for 2017, with a total of 11 named storms (average is 12), four hurricanes (average is six) and two major hurricanes (average is two). To be named, a tropical cyclone must have maximum one-minute sustained winds of 39 mph. If it strengthens to 74 mph, it is called a hurricane, and if the winds reach 111 mph, it is called a major hurricane.

Here’s a look at how we develop our forecasts.

The next update from the authors will be on WIC News on 1 June, to coincide with the start of the Atlantic hurricane season. 

Setting the stage for hurricanes

The late Dr. William Gray, who conducted research in atmospheric science at CSU for more than 50 years, began issuing these predictions in 1984 when he made an important discovery. He found that El Niño years, when a large zone of warmer-than-normal water develops in the eastern and central tropical Pacific, led to less active Atlantic hurricane seasons.

This occurs because El Niño alters lower- and upper-level winds in the atmosphere, producing an increase in vertical wind shear – a condition in which winds blow at different speeds and directions at varying heights.

Vertical wind shear makes it harder for hurricanes to form and strengthen because it tilts the hurricane’s rotating centre. This promotes mixing of dry air into the storm and inhibits the pressure drop that is required to strengthen the winds of a developing storm. La Niña, which can generally be considered the opposite of El Niño, promotes wind patterns that are more conducive for active Atlantic hurricane seasons.

Changes in wind direction with height in the atmosphere in the Caribbean and western tropical Atlantic associated with El Niño (fewer hurricanes) and La Niña (more hurricanes).

In addition to El Niño, our lab uses a variety of other predictors to come up with its forecasts. We look for precursor signals – conditions in the atmosphere and ocean that preceded active or inactive hurricane seasons in past years.

Important predictors include tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures and sea level pressures. Atlantic hurricane seasons tend to be more active when the tropical Atlantic is warmer than normal, since a hurricane gets its energy from warm ocean water.

Lower pressures are associated with a more unstable atmosphere, which creates conditions more conducive for strong thunderstorms to develop. These strong thunderstorms are the building blocks of hurricanes.

Forecasters’ tools

Our lab constantly monitors large-scale ocean-atmosphere conditions and forecasts, but work intensifies about two weeks before we are scheduled to release one of our seasonal forecasts.

Our main guidance tool is a statistical model that uses historical ocean-atmosphere patterns as well as current conditions.

We also look for years in the past that had conditions most similar to what we currently observe, as well as what we predict to occur during the peak of the Atlantic hurricane season from August through October.

As we prepare our early June seasonal forecast, we are looking for seasons that had borderline weak El Niño conditions as well as a relatively warm tropical Atlantic. These seasons typically had near-average Atlantic hurricane activity.

[caption id="" align="alignnone" width="754"] May 1-22-averaged sea surface temperature anomalies. NOAA[/caption]

Checking our accuracy

There is always a lot of public interest in how active the upcoming Atlantic hurricane season is likely to be.

While our forecasts show moderate levels of accuracy, they are certainly not perfect. In addition, our forecasts cannot tell you when or where storms are going to strike.

We emphasise that these predictions are an informational tool, not a preparedness tool. The National Hurricane Center, which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, issues watches, warnings and reports on individual storms. Our project has 33 years of historical forecasts archived on our website. These forecasts can generally be characterised to have modest accuracy in early April, with improved accuracy in June and moderate to high accuracy in August.

The increase in skill as the time to the peak of the hurricane season decreases makes physical sense, since you are closer to the events that you are trying to predict. A corollary can be seen with day-to-day weather predictions. A forecast for tomorrow’s weather is generally going to be more accurate than a forecast for the weather seven days in the future.

We issue our early August forecast two months after the start of hurricane season, but over 90% of all major hurricane activity occurs after that date. The accuracy of the August forecast is relatively good, correctly predicting above- or below-average seasons about 80% of the time.

[caption id="" align="alignnone" width="754"] Predicted vs. observed named storms for the early August seasonal hurricane forecast from Colorado State University.[/caption]

We also explain and check our work. Our group publishes an extensive forecast document on our project’s website that describes the thinking behind the numbers in our forecasts.

At the end of hurricane season, we publish a lengthy verification in which we evaluate our forecasts and analyse the large-scale atmosphere/ocean conditions that actually occurred.

Many other groups issue Atlantic seasonal hurricane forecasts, including government agencies such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, universities and private weather companies.

Our group has collaborated with the Barcelona Supercomputing Center to produce a website that displays all publicly available Atlantic seasonal hurricane forecasts. The website also provides discussions of each group’s forecasting techniques as well as real-time hurricane monitoring links.

Having multiple groups issuing seasonal forecasts is beneficial, as improvements in accuracy are likely to result with many individuals studying the same problem.

Keeping forecasts in perspective

Even when we forecast a less-active hurricane season, it’s important to remember that it takes only one hurricane to make it an active hurricane season for you.

For example, in 1983, the Atlantic had only four named storms all year. But one, Hurricane Alicia, caused nearly US$2 billion in damages in the Houston metropolitan area. Dr. Gray and the CSU team issued a perfect forecast for only one major hurricane in 1992, but that storm was Hurricane Andrew, a Category 5 hurricane that devastated south Florida.

In contrast, our group successfully predicted a very active Atlantic hurricane season in 2010, which saw a whopping 12 hurricanes (twice the normal average), but none that made US landfall.

Our group at CSU intends to maintain Dr. Gray’s legacy and continue issuing Atlantic seasonal hurricane forecasts for many years to come.

[caption id="" align="alignnone" width="754"] Satellite image of Hurricane Andrew making landfall in south Florida as a Category 5 hurricane on 24 August 1992.[/caption]

Phil Klotzbach, Research Scientist, Colorado State University and Michael M. Bell, Associate Professor of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.